language element
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Plain computer font indicates an element that you type exactly as shown. If there are special symbols (for example, + or &), you also type them exactly as shown.
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placeholder
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Italic text indicates a placeholder that you replace with an appropriate value. (In some programming languages, placeholders are called nonterminals.)
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[
optional
]
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Brackets indicate that the enclosed language element or elements are optional.
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(
a group
)
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Parentheses group elements together. If parentheses are part of the syntax, they are shown in bold.
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[
optional
]...
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Three ellipsis points (...) after a group defined by brackets indicate that you can repeat the group of elements within brackets 0 or more times.
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(
a group
)
...
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Three ellipsis points (...) after a group defined by parentheses indicate that you can repeat the group of elements within parentheses one or more times.
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a|b|c
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Vertical bars separate elements in a group from which you must choose a single element. The elements are often grouped within parentheses or brackets.
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